{"id":294,"date":"2012-09-22T10:34:10","date_gmt":"2012-09-22T14:34:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/?page_id=294"},"modified":"2012-11-29T22:59:25","modified_gmt":"2012-11-30T02:59:25","slug":"fall-of-samurai","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/historians-craft\/fall-of-samurai\/","title":{"rendered":"The Fall of the Samurai in Late Tokugawa Japan"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><strong>A Research Guide By Elisa Kim<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 392px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5c\/Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"382\" height=\"302\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Samurai of the Satsuma clan during the 1868-1869 Boshin War<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>This guide is created to be a helpful resource in the process of researching the decline of the samurai class during the late Tokugawa shogunate. Before the beginning of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, samurai were an integral part of Japanese lifestyle and culture. For centuries, many had prominent roles in political and military realms and instilled Confucianistic values in Japanese society. However, with the decline of the Tokugawa regime, social, political, military, and economic aspects of domestic Japan began to change&#8211;ushering in the Meiji Restoration. The &#8220;modern&#8221; Meiji period no longer sought the seemingly &#8220;traditional&#8221; samurai and their swords, and so began a new era of Japanese history.<\/p>\n<p>This guide consists of seven sections of valuable resources, which includes mediums in the form of books, journal articles, websites, databases, archives, directories, libraries, and museums. It starts with a general historical overview of Japanese history, before the Meiji period, and background on the samurai class. The second section&#8211;Samurai Life&#8211;is divided into sub-sections of societal (bushido and duty), military, and political aspects of samurai culture. The next three sections include historical time frames: late Tokugawa period, early Meiji period, and transition from Tokugawa to Meiji period. The sixth section includes information about influential samurai in Japanese history and related books. Lastly, the final section includes related resources that may be of additional help for researching this topic, including resources to databases, archives, directories, guides, libraries, and museums.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>General Background<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"parseasinTitle \"><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong><span id=\"btAsinTitle\">Japan Emerging: Premodern History to 1850<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"parseasinTitle \">It is beneficial to begin background research on this topic with a work by Karl Friday, as he is a highly respected expert in classical and medieval Japanese history and also serves as a Professor at The University of Georgia. This volume of writings from leading authorities, which Friday compiles, serves as a sufficient introductory resource into Japanese history. It explores the main developments of the Japanese lifestyle, without being too concerned with names and dates, and depicts the evolution of Japanese political, social, economic, and intellectual life.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Friday, Karl. <em>Japan Emerging: Premodern History to 1850<\/em>. Boulder: Westview Press, 2012.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"EXLResultAuthor\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">Samurai: The World of the Warrior<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"EXLResultAuthor\"><!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;  Normal 0     false false false  EN-US KO X-NONE               MicrosoftInternetExplorer4              &lt;![endif]--><\/p>\n<p class=\"exlresultauthor\">In addition to Karl Friday, Stephen Turnbull is another noteworthy historian to reference. Turnbull is considered one of the world&#8217;s leading experts in Japanese samurai history, especially military history, and has prolifically written a number of books on samurai culture. <em>Samurai: The World of the Warrior<\/em> serves as a corrective to popular pre-conceived notions about samurai as it presents an all-encompassing view on warrior culture. Utilizing themed chapters, Turnbull analyzes the samurai through their historical development and their relationship to the world around them, in addition to their more violent, warrior-like tendencies.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Turnbull, Stephen. <em>Samurai: The World of the Warrior<\/em>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"width: 337px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"decoded \" style=\"cursor: -moz-zoom-in\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7c\/Samurai_with_sword.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"327\" height=\"410\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Samurai bearing typical sword and armor, ca. 1860<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>Samurai: The Code of the Warrior<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;  Normal 0     false false false  EN-US KO X-NONE               MicrosoftInternetExplorer4              &lt;![endif]--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><em>Samurai: The Code of the Warrior<\/em> does an excellent job of summarizing every aspect of the samurai culture. Topics range from the daily life of samurai, to their military strategies, to their resolute Bushido philosophy. In the first chapter, it also succinctly addresses the rise and fall of the samurai.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Ito, Tommy, and Thomas Louis. <em>Samurai: The Code of the Warrior<\/em>. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 2006.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>Brief History of the Samurai<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The information on this online resource is not lengthy, but the &#8220;Samurai Dates of Importance&#8221; and &#8220;Samurai Terms&#8221; sections are helpful to simply gain a general understanding of the timeline of samurai history and to become knowledgeable about important Japanese terms.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">McGee, Mark. &#8220;Brief History of the Samurai.&#8221; <em>University of Michigan<\/em>.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www-personal.umich.edu\/~malokofs\/SCA\/Persona\/History\/samurai.html\" target=\"_blank\">Full resource<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">Age of the Samurai<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Similar to the above University of Michigan resource, this online resource offers an extremely brief overview of samurai origins and philosophy. Additionally helpful is the provided timeline, which spans from ancient to modern samurai history.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Deguzman, Joseph, Josh Hascall, and Joel Martinez. &#8220;Age of the Samurai.&#8221; <em>San Jose State University<\/em>.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/gallery.sjsu.edu\/oldworld\/asiangate\/AgeOfSamurai\/origins.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Full resource<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Samurai Life<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Society<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #7c9dff\"> <em>Bushido &amp; Duty<\/em><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>Hagakure: The Book of the Samurai<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;  Normal 0     false false false  EN-US KO X-NONE               MicrosoftInternetExplorer4              &lt;![endif]-->Written by eighteenth-century samurai Yamamoto and later compiled by Tashir<span>\u014d, this book fundamentally serves as the practical and spiritual guide for the samurai. It outlines the expectancies of bushido, the warrior code, and addresses the fierce loyalty that is necessary to serve a samurai lord&#8211;even if it means being prepared to die at any moment.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span><span style=\"color: #999999\">Yamamoto, Tsunetomo. <em>Hagakure: The Book of the Samurai<\/em>. Edited by William Scott Wilson. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc., 2002.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"width: 304px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"decoded \" style=\"cursor: -moz-zoom-in\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ef\/Akashi_Gidayu_writing_his_death_poem_before_comitting_Seppuku.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"294\" height=\"435\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">After writing his death poem, a samurai is illustrated preparing to commit seppuku (ritual suicide) after losing a battle for his master.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>Bushido: The Soul of Japan<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>In addition to <em>Hagakure<\/em>, this book serves as a classic text  on the way of the samurai. Translated into English in 1900, this text  was read by prominent foreign leaders such as Theodore Roosevelt and  John F. Kennedy.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Nitobe, Inazo. <em>Bushido: The Soul of Japan<\/em>. Japan: Kodansha International Ltd., 2002.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>The Way of the Samurai<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;  Normal 0     false false false  EN-US KO X-NONE               MicrosoftInternetExplorer4              &lt;![endif]--><span>This book serves as an English translation to Yamaga&#8217;s Sok\u014d&#8217;s seventeenth-century work. Heavily influenced by Confucian teachings, Yamaga was one of the most influential leaders in the development of bushido. He believed that a samurai&#8217;s devotion to duty and moral leadership was most important. Yamaga addresses the necessary combination of martial training (bu) with high intellectual pursuits (bun) to create a well-rounded samurai.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Yamaga, Sok\u014d. <em>The Way of the Samurai<\/em>, in <em>Sources of Japanese Traidion, Volume I<\/em>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1958.<strong><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman,Times\"> <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"parseasinTitle \"><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong><span id=\"btAsinTitle\">The Taming of the Samurai: Honorific Individualism and the Making of Modern Japan<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"parseasinTitle \"><span>Eiko&#8217;s book expresses how the samurai&#8217;s unique sense of honor and tension between competition and collaboration have ushered Japan&#8217;s own form of modernity&#8211;dissimilar to the Western route. Eiko uses sociological, anthropological, and historical approaches to support her argument.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Eiko, Ikegami. <em> <\/em><em> <\/em><em><span id=\"btAsinTitle\">The Taming of the Samurai: Honorific Individualism and the Making of Modern Japan<\/span><\/em><\/span><span id=\"btAsinTitle\"><span style=\"color: #999999\">. USA: President and Fellows of Harvard College, 1995.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><em> <\/em>Military<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"parseasinTitle \"><span id=\"btAsinTitle\"><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"parseasinTitle \">In this book, Friday aims to examine several aspects of samurai warfare: the principles that justified armed conflict, the mechanisms of armed forces, the weapons of early  medieval warriors, and the  techniques and customs of battle. Most significantly, this study highlights the intertwined relationships between early medieval  political power, technology, and war.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Friday, Karl. <em>Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan<\/em>. New York: Routledge, 2004.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"parseasinTitle \"><strong><span id=\"btAsinTitle\" style=\"color: #993300\">Hired Swords: The Rise of Private Warrior Power in Early Japan<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"parseasinTitle \"><span>Friday&#8217;s book provides insight as to how the samurai warrior class was spontaneously generated in Japan. It explains the momentous shift from police and military protection to the privatization of protection by professional mercenaries of the provincial elite.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Friday, Karl. <em><span id=\"btAsinTitle\">Hired Swords: The Rise of Private Warrior Power in Early Japan<\/span><\/em><\/span><span id=\"btAsinTitle\"><span style=\"color: #999999\">. USA: Stanford University Press, 1992.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"bookTitle\" class=\"bookTitle\"><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>The Samurai: A Military History<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"bookTitle\">This book has become a common source of reference  for samurai life and warfare. It tracks the development of the Japanese  warrior class and their exceptional skill as warriors, which culminates  in the epic Battle at Osaka Castle.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Turnbull, Stephen. <em>The Samurai: A Military History<\/em>. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1977.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"EXLResultTitle\"><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>Japan&#8217;s Imperial Army : Its Rise and Fall, 1853-1945<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"EXLResultTitle\">Drea expresses how the samurai culture was instrumental in creating the contemporary image of Japan&#8217;s imperial army. Its intellectual foundations in samurai thought directed the social changes necessary to catapult Japan&#8217;s military to a global force. Drea explains how samurai thought affected strategies and aims of Japanese military, and highlights philosophies of prominent military leaders who believed in a &#8220;fight to the death&#8221; attitude as a result of embedded samurai mentality.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Drea, Edward. <em>Japan&#8217;s Imperial Army : Its Rise and Fall, 1853-1945<\/em>. Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Politics<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>The Bakufu in Japanese History<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>A bakufu refers to the tent government that was ruled by a shogun in Japan through the Tokugawa period. Mass and Hauser&#8217;s book analyzes this form of government that ruled Japan for almost 700 years, and addresses the samurai&#8217;s role within the shogunate.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Hauser, William, and Jeffrey Mass. <em>The Bakufu in Japanese History<\/em>. USA: Stanford University Press, 1985<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"EXLResultTitle\"><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>Warrior Rule in Japan<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"EXLResultTitle\">Jansen explains how the majority of Japan&#8217;s political history was shaped by competing ambitions of fighting men. He traces the institutional development of warrior rule and dominance in Japanese history and expresses that warrior values have still influenced modern Japanese ethical codes. This particular volume is a compilation of chapters taken from Volumes Three and Four from The Cambridge History of Japan.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Jansen, Marius. <em>Warrior Rule in Japan<\/em>. USA: Cambridge University Press, 1995.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">Politics and the Samurai Class Structure in Satsuma, 1858-1868<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Beasley&#8217;s article argues that efforts for the Japanese daimyo to not fully support the Tokugawa shogunate affected the political structure in Japanese government during the succeeding Meiji period. Beasley also explains that the study of domain politics is essential in understanding the Meiji Restoration.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Beasley, W.G. &#8220;Politics and the Samurai Class Structure in Satsuma, 1858-1868.&#8221; <em>Modern Asian Studies<\/em> 1, no. 1 (1967): 47-57.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/311584\" target=\"_blank\">Full article<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"width: 418px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"decoded \" src=\"http:\/\/www.geographicus.com\/mm5\/graphics\/00000001\/L\/EdoTokyo-TakashibaSanyu-1850.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"408\" height=\"303\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of Japanese homes encircling Edo castle to illustrate Tokugawa hegemony and space.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Late Tokugawa Period<\/strong><br \/>\n1853-1867<\/h2>\n<p>This section of the research guide aims to encompass the mainly social characterization during Japan&#8217;s late Tokugawa shogunate. The late Tokugawa period in Japan is often identified by much social and  cultural tension amongst samurai and other classes, due to conflicting  traditionalist and modernist ideals of the time. The transition into the Meiji period, which is accepted as the beginning of Japan&#8217;s modern state, was a direct cause of the national and international tensions and influences of the late Tokugawa period.<\/p>\n<p>The following sources serve to illustrate the respective environment of this period. Ray A. Moore&#8217;s article &#8220;Samurai Discontent and Social Mobility in the Late Tokugawa Period&#8221; aims to  provide evidence for reasons why the samurai class increasingly grew with discontent politically, socially, and economically with the Tokugawa shogunate. <em>Appraising Genji<\/em> analyzes, in the form of literary criticism, one of Japan&#8217;s richest fictional tales to explore the cultural confusion of Japan&#8217;s niche in the world during the Tokugawa period. <em>Musui&#8217;s Story<\/em> expresses an honest view of a Tokugawa samurai as it tracks the life of samurai Katsu Kokichi and his inner struggles with loyalty and kindness, greed and deception, vanity and superstition.<\/p>\n<p class=\"parseasinTitle \"><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>Samurai Discontent and Social Mobility in the Late Tokugawa Period<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Moore, Ray. &#8220;Samurai Discontent and Social Mobility in the Late Tokugawa Period.&#8221; <em>Monumenta Nipponica<\/em> 24, no. 1\/2 (1969): 79-91.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2383763\" target=\"_blank\">Full article<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"parseasinTitle \"><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong><span id=\"btAsinTitle\">Appraising Genji: Literary Criticism And Cultural Anxiety in the Age of the Last Samurai <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Caddeau, Patrick. <em><span id=\"btAsinTitle\">Appraising Genji: Literary Criticism And Cultural Anxiety in the Age of the Last Samurai<\/span><\/em><span id=\"btAsinTitle\">. USA: State University of New York, 2006.<\/span><span id=\"btAsinTitle\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"EXLResultTitle\"><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>Musui&#8217;s Story : The Autobiography of a Tokugawa <span class=\"searchword\">Samurai<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\"><span class=\"searchword\">Craig, Teruko. <\/span><em>Musui&#8217;s Story : The Autobiography of a Tokugawa <span class=\"searchword\">Samurai<\/span><\/em><\/span><span class=\"searchword\"><span style=\"color: #999999\">. USA: The University of Arizona Press, 1988.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Early Meiji Period<\/strong><br \/>\n1868-1877<\/h2>\n<p>The following sources in this section aim to express the environment in Japan during the early Meiji period. Often referred to the period during which Japan became &#8220;modernized,&#8221; leaders of the Meiji Restoration strived to satisfy their nation&#8217;s discontent that were caused by much social, cultural, political, and economic discontent. The early Meiji period was characterized by new changes in legislature, a further introduction of Western ideals, and the increasing obsoleteness of traditional samurai values.<\/p>\n<p>The following sources aim to provide a depiction of this period&#8217;s atmosphere. The Charter Oath, also known as the Oath in Five Articles, was issued on April 7, 1868. Only consisting of five short clauses, it outlines the goals of Japanese modernization during Meiji rule&#8211;often considered the first constitution of &#8220;modern&#8221; Japan. Concerning samurai, it was most significant as it began the legal dismantling of the entire samurai class. <em>The Self-made Man in Meiji Japanese thought<\/em> suggests that the work ethic, team effort, and social utility found in working-class men during the Meiji period were direct results from the ideals and philosophies of samurai of the previous era. &#8220;The Progress of Japan and the Samurai Class, 1868-1882&#8221; expresses that the samurai class was completely instrumental in ushering in the Meiji Restoration&#8211;that there is an evident relationship between the class and the establishment of the Meiji state.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 248px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"decoded  \" style=\"cursor: -moz-zoom-in\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/67\/5jo1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"238\" height=\"426\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only five clauses long, the Charter Oath marked the legal beginning of Japan&#039;s road to modernization.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">Charter Oath<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">&#8220;The Charter Oath (of the Meiji Restoration), 1868.&#8221; Columbia University Asia for Educators.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/afe.easia.columbia.edu\/ps\/japan\/charter_oath_1868.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Full document<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"EXLResultTitle\"><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>The Self-made Man in Meiji Japanese Thought : From <span class=\"searchword\">Samurai<\/span> to Salary Man<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Kinmonth, Earl. <em>The Self-made Man in Meiji Japanese Thought : From <span class=\"searchword\">Samurai<\/span> to Salary Man<\/em>. USA: University of Wisconsin, 1974.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>The Progress of Japan and the Samurai Class, 1868-1882<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Harootunian, Harry. &#8220;The Progress of Japan and the Samurai Class, 1868-1882.&#8221; <em>Pacific Historical Review<\/em> 28, no. 3 (1959): 255-266. doi: 10.2307\/3636470.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3636470\" target=\"_blank\">Full article<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"EXLResultTitle\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Transition from Tokugawa to Meiji Period<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>As expressed in the previous two sections on the respective Tokugawa and Meiji periods, the transition from the Tokugawa shogunate to the new Meiji leadership resulted in inevitable change. The effects of this transition resulted in shifts in the samurai class and a re-considering of samurai duties and loyalties to the Emperor. The transition from the Tokugawa to Meiji period is easily considered a monumental stage in Japanese history as it affected social discontent, political leadership, economic hardship, cultural re-configurings.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 226px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" \" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a8\/Black_and_white_photo_of_emperor_Meiji_of_Japan.jpg\/441px-Black_and_white_photo_of_emperor_Meiji_of_Japan.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"216\" height=\"285\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emperor Meiji ruled over Japan as it transitioned from being a feudal shogunate to a world power.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The following sources aim to provide helpful research about this transition period. <em>Japan in Transition<\/em> explores what kind and what degree of change accompanied the political events from the Tokugawa to Meiji leadership. This book also includes quantitative data to add support to its claims. <em>The Making of Modern Japan<\/em> offers a magnified view of the critical period in Japanese history from 1600 to the present. Specifically, it focuses on the intimate workings of Japanese society.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">Japan in Transition, From Tokugawa to Meiji<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Jansen, Marius.<em> Japan in Transition, From Tokugawa to Meiji<\/em>. USA: Princeton University Press, 1988.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">The Making of Modern Japan<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Jansen, Marius. <em>The Making of Modern Japan<\/em>. USA: Harvard University Press, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Influential Samurai<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"parseasinTitle \"><span id=\"btAsinTitle\"><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>The First Samurai: The Life and Legend of the Warrior Rebel, Taira Masakado<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"parseasinTitle \"><strong>Taira Masakado<\/strong> was one of the first samurai leaders in tenth-century Japan and led a rebellion against the Kyoto government. This book focuses on introducing Taira and the role of the early samurai as leaders.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Friday, Karl. <em><span id=\"btAsinTitle\">The First Samurai: The Life and Legend of the Warrior Rebel, Taira Masakado<\/span><\/em><\/span><span id=\"btAsinTitle\"><span style=\"color: #999999\">. Hoboken: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., 2008.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saig\u014d Takamori<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Saig\u014d Takamori<\/strong> is often given the title of the &#8220;last samurai.&#8221; Arguably one of the most influential samurai, especially during the fall of the samurai class during the transition into the Meiji period, he led the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, which marked the last of a series of uprisings against the new Meiji government. <em>The Last Samurai<\/em> chronicles the fortuitous rise and tragic fall of Saig\u014d.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Ravina, Mark. <em>The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saig\u014d Takamori<\/em>. Hoboken: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., 2004.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"width: 451px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5c\/SaigoWithOfficers.jpg\/800px-SaigoWithOfficers.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"441\" height=\"327\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saig\u014d Takamori surrounded by his officers during the 1877 Satsuma Rebellion<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>Sakamoto Ry\u014dma and the Meiji Restoration<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sakamoto Ry\u014dma<\/strong> led a movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate at the very end of the period. He was ultimately assassinated in 1867, but his legacy lives on as his image is often romanticized in popular culture. <em>Sakamoto Ry\u014dma and the Meiji Restoration<\/em> illustrates the type of leader that Sakamoto became, and it tells the story of the Meiji Restoration in light of Sakamoto&#8217;s career.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Jansen, Marius.<em> Sakamoto Ry\u014dma and the Meiji Restoration<\/em>. Princeton: Columbia University Press, 1994.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"parseasinTitle \"><span style=\"color: #800000\"><strong><span id=\"btAsinTitle\">The Sword of No-Sword: Life of the Master Warrior Tessh<\/span><\/strong><\/span><strong> <\/strong><span style=\"color: #800000\"><strong>\u016b<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong>Yamoaka Tessh<!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;    &lt;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;  Normal 0     false false false  EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE                          &lt;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;                                                                                                                                            &lt;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;--><\/strong><span><strong>\u016b<\/strong> was a famous samurai of the Bakumatsu period who played a critical role during the Meiji Restoration. <em>The Sword of No-Sword<\/em> details Yamoaka&#8217;s life in the lens of his legendary martial arts skills and his careful handling of military affairs during the delicate period of nineteenth-century Japan. <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\"><span>Stevens, John. <em>The Sword of No-Sword: Life of the Master Warrior Tessh<\/em><\/span><em><span>\u016b<\/span><\/em><\/span><span><span style=\"color: #999999\">. Boston: Shambhala Publications Inc., 1989.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">Yamagata Aritomo in the Rise of Modern Japan, 1838-1922<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Yamagata Aritomo<\/strong> is often seen as the father of  Japanese militarism. Born into a lower-rank samurai family, he  eventually became field marshal of the Imperial Japanese Army and Prime  Minister of Japan. Hackett&#8217;s book serves as a biography of Yamagata and  details the processes and strategies of Yamagata&#8217;s political and  military agendas.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">Hackett, Roger. <em>Yamagata Aritomo in the Rise of Modern Japan, 1838-1922<\/em>. USA: Harvard University Press, 1971.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a title=\"Yamamoto Tsunetomo\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yamamoto_Tsunetomo\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"> <\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Related Sources<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Online Databases<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>Bibliography of Asian Studies<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This online database contains 787,192 records on all subjects pertaining              to East, Southeast, and South Asia published worldwide from 1971 to              the present.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">&#8220;Bibliography of Asian Studies.&#8221; <em>Association for Asian Studies<\/em>. 22 March 2011.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu.ezproxy.bu.edu\/cgi\/b\/bib\/bib-idx?c=bas\" target=\"_blank\">Full database<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Online Directories\/Guides<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>East &amp; Southeast Asia: An Annotated Directory of Internet Resources<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This directory offers a wide range of external resources, including museums, archives, and bibliographies. The resources are arranged chronologically.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">&#8220;East &amp; Southeast Asia: An Annotated Directory of Internet Resources.&#8221; <em>Newton.UOR<\/em>. 2005.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/newton.uor.edu\/departments&amp;programs\/AsianStudiesDept\/japan-history.html\" target=\"_blank\">Full directory<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>Columbia University: Asia for Educators<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This directory by Columbia University is polished and well-organized. It provides resources mainly targeted towards teachers, and so includes sources such as timelines, document-based questions, lesson plans, and print\/video resources, but the directory overall acts as an exceptional introductory guide for beginner learners on Japanese or Asian history.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">&#8220;Asia for Educators.&#8221; <em>Columbia University<\/em>. 2012.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/afe.easia.columbia.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">Full directory<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: x-small\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #993300\">Leland Stanford Junior University: JGuide<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This guide offers more current modes of outlets for Japanese exploration such as arts, entertainment, travel, and daily living, but the &#8220;Language, Literature &amp; History&#8221; section provides a healthy amount of historical resources by chronology and topic.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">&#8220;JGuide.&#8221; <em>Leland Stanford Junior University<\/em>. 2012.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/jguide.stanford.edu\/site\/history_267.html\" target=\"_blank\">Full directory<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Virtual Libraries<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">Australian National University<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ranked the #1 Asian Studies page by Google in 2011, this virtual library boasts a slew of resources about Asian history and has an impressive online database as well. However, this library stopped publishing operations in January 2011.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">&#8220;Asian Studies WWW Virtual Library.&#8221; <em>Australian National University<\/em>. 25 Jan 2010.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/coombs.anu.edu.au\/WWWVL-AsianStudies.html\" target=\"_blank\">Full library<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>University of Washington<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This virtual library hosts links to many other useful resources, such as additional guides, atlases, archives, and collections.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">&#8220;Asian History.&#8221; <em>University of Washington<\/em>. 2012.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lib.washington.edu\/subject\/History\/tm\/asian.html\" target=\"_blank\">Full library<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Archives<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300\"><strong>National Archives of Japan<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>These archives provide access to official documents of the Japanese Cabinet, the  Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Army and Navy. They showcase original records, including full images of the documents, all in  digitized form.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">&#8220;National Archives of Japan.&#8221; <em>Japan Center for Asian Historical Records<\/em>. 2012.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jacar.go.jp\/english\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Full archive<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">Modern Japan in Archives<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>These archives collect, organize and display primary historical sources such as letters,  diaries, documents, and manuscripts that are related to the political history of modern and  contemporary Japan.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">&#8220;Modern Japan in Archives.&#8221; <em>National Diet Library. <\/em>2010.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ndl.go.jp\/modern\/e\/utility\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Full archive<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Museums<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300\">Tokyo National Museum<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This museum hosts a research section with digital archives, a library catalogue search, and image search, but these pages are all in Japanese. For non-Japanese speakers, the rest of the museum&#8217;s website appears to be in English.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #999999\">&#8220;Tokyo National Museum.&#8221; <em>Tokyo National Museum<\/em>. 2012.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tnm.jp\/?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\">Full museum<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"width: 416px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/bestasiatravel.asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/asiatravel\/medium\/9\/Tokyo%20National%20Museum9.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"406\" height=\"274\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tokyo National Museum<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"_mcePaste\" class=\"mcePaste\" style=\"width: 1px;height: 1px;overflow: hidden\"><a id=\"ALMA_BOSU121651074330001161\" class=\"EXLResultRecordId\" name=\"ALMA_BOSU121651074330001161\"><\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"EXLResultTitle\">Musui&#8217;s story : the autobiography of a Tokugawa <span class=\"searchword\">samurai<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Research Guide By Elisa Kim Introduction This guide is created to be a helpful resource in the process of researching the decline of the samurai class during the late Tokugawa shogunate. Before the beginning of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, samurai were an integral part of Japanese lifestyle and culture. For centuries, many had [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1144,"featured_media":0,"parent":251,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/294"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1144"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=294"}],"version-history":[{"count":51,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/294\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4942,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/294\/revisions\/4942"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/251"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=294"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}