{"id":3771,"date":"2013-05-02T06:22:57","date_gmt":"2013-05-02T10:22:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/?page_id=3771"},"modified":"2013-05-02T18:15:55","modified_gmt":"2013-05-02T22:15:55","slug":"journalism-of-the-french-revolution","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/moderneurope\/haley-witsell\/journalism-of-the-french-revolution\/","title":{"rendered":"Journalism of the French Revolution"},"content":{"rendered":"

by Haley Witsell<\/b><\/span>
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INTRODUCTION<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

Prior to the last several decades, French Revolutionary historiography rarely focused on journalism as a key player in the Revolution’s initiation or development. Instead, historians typically relied on the French Revolution’s publications as research tools: primary source materials providing chronological and sociological assistance. Reasons for the recent proliferation in journalism-focused French Revolutionary research include a divergence from the classical Marxist interpretation of the Revolution, in addition to a stronger focus on Revolutionary culture and its relationship to politics. Studies of the French Revolution\u2019s dynamic press output now enjoy the spotlight due to changing perspectives in historiographies: shifting focus away from the socio-economic and into the \u201cpolitico-cultural.\u201d This puts the problem of culture–in this case, pertaining to public opinion through the press–at the center of the French Revolution\u2019s history.<\/p>\n

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Execution of Louis XVI in what is now the Place de la Concorde, facing the empty pedestal where the statue of his grandfather, Louis XV, had stood. (1793)<\/p><\/div>\n

This annotated bibliography provides resources covering the French press from the last days of the Old R\u00e9gime into the French Revolution, and a little beyond, into revived press censorship under Napoleon. \u00a0The annotated material includes primary sources focused on the era’s most influential newspapers and their contributions to a nation in flux. A thorough selection of secondary sources is also included, providing extensive research on the Revolution’s journalistic influences before, during, and after the French Revolution. This bibliography excludes the “other” side of publishing (i.e., <\/em>the highly popular sensationalistic fiction of the era), to focus primarily on its journalistic endeavors–arguably the more publicly influential of the two publishing forms in terms of impacting the French Revolution.<\/p>\n

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The secondary \u00a0sources together cover an extensive range of topics concerning the \u00a0revolutionary press: \u00a0its journalists, publishers, and readers; the printing \u00a0process, format, and design; subscription prices, \u00a0press runs, and profits; \u00a0typical newspaper coverage showcasing various political angles; and ways in \u00a0which the revolutionary press differed strikingly from that of the Old R\u00e9gime \u00a0and the subsequent Napoleonic period. Some texts also explore the \u00a0newspaper\u2019s crucial role in creating new identities for workers, women, and \u00a0members of the middle classes that redefined Europe’s public sphere during and following the French Revolution. The question as to the press’s significance in the rise and fall of the Revolution is debated throughout these secondary sources and will proceed indefinitely. Hopefully this project’s resources will spark creative interpretations and inventive perspectives on the matter of the press in the French Revolution.<\/p>\n

\"David's<\/a>

David's Depiction of The Tennis Court Oath, "Le Serment du Jeu de paume", 1791<\/p><\/div>\n

_________<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

This annotated bibliography is organized by three general points of study: The Press in Old Regime France; The Press in Revolutionary France; and The Legacy of the Press in the French Revolution. Within these sections, all sources will be secondary texts and journals. The primary source list (located in the second section, “The Press in Revolutionary France”)\u00a0 provides links to electronic resources.\u00a0The primary sources are a selection of the era’s most influential newspapers, with annotations and links to archived copies. Each section below is annotated as a whole, as opposed to treating every source individually (seeing as the sectional filters indicate each resource group’s general focus). However, some exceptions apply as noted in cases where a source <\/span>is significantly different from those in the same section, thus requiring further details.<\/span><\/p>\n

Note:<\/strong> For the purpose of this annotated bibliography, the “French Revolutionary” years of focus extend prior to and just following the Revolution. France’s journalism from roughly 1788-1810 will be considered as the timeline for this project.<\/span><\/p>\n

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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789<\/p><\/div>\n

ONLINE RESOURCES<\/strong><\/p>\n

The following are the two essential electronic databases for this bibliography. Each includes primary and secondary resources, particularly useful is the abundance of open-access newspapers and journals in their original formats.<\/p>\n

Internet Archive<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n

Gallica, Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France.<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n

Gallica is the digital resource for France’s national library, including other affiliated archives.<\/p>\n

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THE PRESS IN OLD REGIME FRANCE<\/b><\/p>\n

The following resources provide a look at the French press prior to the Revolution, in the Old Regime (or\u00a0l\u2019Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/i>), including the literary privileges, censorship, and various other monarchical limitations imposed upon the press.<\/p>\n

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French Revolution Historian Robert Darnton's Journalism\/Publishing Map <\/p><\/div>\n

TEXTS<\/b><\/h3>\n

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Cobban, Alfred.\u00a0A History of Modern France<\/i> . Vol. 1:\u00a01715\u20131799<\/i> . Middlesex, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1963.<\/b> <\/b><\/p>\n

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Darnton, Robert.\u00a0The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclop\u00e9die, 1775\u20131800<\/i> . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979.<\/b><\/p>\n

As a general note, Robert Darnton is a leader in the historiography of the French Revolution, particularly in consideration of the press. Many of the historians included in this bibliography are directly influenced by him. This book is included because the publishing output from the Enlightenment’s\u00a0philosophs<\/em> (such as Rousseau) is often considered to be a significant factor in the perspectives leading up to and lasting throughout the Revolution.<\/p>\n

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Darton, Robert.\u00a0The Literary Underground of the Old Regime<\/i> . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982.<\/b><\/p>\n

Another one from Darnton’s extensive output of Revolutionary print-related historiography. This one is useful in understanding the more radical, “underground” happenings in the publishing world preceding the Revolution, and thus having considerable influence leading into the Revolution as well.<\/p>\n

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Gelbart, Nina Ratner.\u00a0Feminine and Opposition Journalism in Old Regime France: “Le Journal des Dames<\/i> .” Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987.<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b> JOURNAL\/EXCERPT<\/b><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

“<\/b>Enlightenment Epistemology and the Laws of Authorship in Revolutionary France, 1777\u20131793.”Representations<\/i> 30 (Spring 1990): 109\u2013137.<\/b>
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This excerpt offers a general overview of the changing regulations on censorship \u00a0 and authorial rights\u00a0in the\u00a0Enlightenment <\/span>and Old Regime, <\/span>leading into the Revolution.<\/span><\/p>\n

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THE PRESS IN REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE:<\/b><\/p>\n

PRIMARY SOURCES<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Journal de la Mode et du go\u00fbt, ou Amusemens du salon et de la toilette<\/i><\/b><\/a><\/h2>\n

(Journal of Fashion and Taste, or Entertainments of Lounge and Dress)<\/i><\/b><\/h2>\n
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Despite the political and social upheaval of the Revolution, Parisians still looked forward to entertainments such as fashion, music, and literature. Francois Buisson\u2019s\u00a0Journal de la Mode et du gout <\/i>was one of the most popular journals during the Revolution, and one of the first fashion journals upon its introduction in the 1780s.<\/p>\n

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M. Le Brun. Edited by Francois Buisson.\u00a0Journal de la mode et du go\u00fbt, ou Amusemens du salon et de la toilette<\/i> Vol. 4, no. No. 1-No. 4 (February 25, 1790). Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France.<\/strong><\/p>\n

La feuille villageoise<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/a> <\/a> (<\/span>The Village Leaf)<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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La Feuille villageoise <\/span>: adress\u00e9e, chaque semaine, \u00e0 tous les villages de France, <\/i>pour les instruire des loix, des \u00e9v\u00e8nements, des d\u00e9couvertes qui int\u00e9ressent tout citoyen, propos\u00e9e par suscription aux propri\u00e9taires, fermiers, pasteurs, <\/i><\/i><\/i>habitans et amis des campagnes.<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

or,<\/p>\n

The Village Leaf<\/i>: sent each week to all villages of France, to instruct the laws events, discoveries relevant to every citizen, proposed by subscription to owners, farmers, pastoralists, rural inhabitants and friends.<\/p>\n

Pierre-Louis Ginguene published the\u00a0Feuille Villageoise<\/i>, a periodical arguably most successful at narrowing the disparity between rarified and mass cultures. He wanted high culture to be accessible to the populace.<\/p>\n

La feuille villageoise<\/i> <\/i>.<\/i>, 1795 1790, Oct. 1792-April 1793 edition. Collection Les archives de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise. Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France.<\/strong><\/p>\n

L’Ami du peuple<\/a> <\/em>(Friend of the People<\/em>)<\/i><\/strong><\/h2>\n

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L\u2019Ami du peuple<\/i>, <\/i>or Friend of the People, was a radical Parisian newspaper under the singular direction of Jean-Paul Marat.\u00a0 This newspaper is significant, as it was in many ways the public voice of the sans-culottes and the radical Parisian sections. Running from mid-1789 until the day after Marat\u2019s death in July of 1793, the paper is a valuable source for analyzing the development and progression of the radical Left from the waning days of the\u00a0ancien r\u00e9gime<\/i> to the first summer of the National Convention. Aside from its textual content, the paper is noteworthy as it continued to run while Marat was a deputy of the National Convention, highlighting the complete absence of contemporary notions of journalistic objectivity.<\/p>\n

Image of edition N\u02da 86: opens with Marat excoriating his political opponents in the Convention.<\/em><\/p>\n

Marat, Jean Paul, and A. (Auguste) Vermorel.\u00a0\u0152uvres de J.P. Marat (l\u2019ami du peuple) recueilli\u00e9s et annot\u00e9es par A. Vermorel<\/i>. Paris: D\u00e9cembre-Alonnier, 1869.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Regarding the image to the left and the citation <\/span>below, <\/span>Le Moniteur patriote<\/a> <\/i><\/b>was the original <\/span>title of <\/span>L’Ami du peuple<\/i>. This was its first issue.<\/span><\/p>\n

Marat, Jean-Paul.\u00a0Le Moniteur\u00a0patriote<\/i>. <\/b>August 1789, No. 1 edition. Gallica, <\/b>Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France.<\/b><\/p>\n

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Gazette Nationale<\/a> ou<\/a> Le Moniteur Universal<\/a><\/b><\/h2>\n

(The National Gazette\u00a0or\u00a0The Universal Monitor)<\/b><\/h2>\n

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<\/a>Le Moniteur Universal<\/i> holds a privileged position for scholars of the French Revolution, for, in <\/span>addition to its fo<\/span>cus on both domestic and international matters, it detailed to an extraordinary degree the <\/span>proc\u00e8s-verbal <\/i>of the National Convention. Further, it would become the principle propaganda machine of Napoleon and many other <\/span>successive regimes.<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/i>Panckoucke, Charles-Joseph, ed. Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel.<\/i>Nov. 24, 1789 – Dec. 31 1810. Paris, 1789. 1810 1789, Nov. 24, 1789 – Dec. 31 1810 edition. Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le Vieux Cordelier<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/a>
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(The Old Cordelier<\/i>)<\/b><\/p>\n

Le Vieux Cordelier<\/i>, or, <\/span>The Old Cordelier<\/i>, was a well-known journal during the Reign of Terror. Published intermittently from late-1793 until early 1794 by the <\/span>conventionnel<\/i> Camille Desmoulins, the journal was the public voice of the Dantonists.<\/span><\/p>\n

In N\u02da 4, at the right, Desmoulins attacks the revolutionary committees for their unnecessary severity.\u00a0Why, he asks, has clemency become a crime in the Republic? Desmoulin would pay with his life for speaking out against the committees; his execution in 1794 was likely decreed by the revolutionary tribunals in order to silence one of the principle voices \u00a0of moderation during the Terror.<\/p>\n

De<\/strong>smoulins, Camille (1760-1794).\u00a0Le vieux Cordelier de Camille Desmoulins, seule \u00e9dition compl\u00e8te. pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d\u2019un Essai sur la vie et les \u00e9crits de l\u2019auteur \/ par M. Matton a\u00een\u00e9<\/i>. Edited by Matton, M. Paris: Ebrard, 1834. Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le P\u00e8re Duchesne<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/a> (Father Duchesne)<\/i><\/b><\/h2>\n

Le Pere Duchesne <\/i>was an extremely radical newspaper during the French Revolution, published and edited by Jacques H\u00e9bert. H\u00e9bert published 385 issues from September 1790 until March 13, 1794; he was killed by the guillotine just eleven days later. The title was revived many times later (with no affiliation to Hebert\u2019s original), usually during periods of revolt.<\/p>\n

Below: Cover of issue no.<\/b> 25 of H\u00e9bert’s\u00a0Le P\u00e8re Duchesne<\/i>—<\/span>Against the <\/i>“Indissolubricity” [sic] of Marriage and His Motion for Divorce<\/i><\/p>\n

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Charles Brunet published a compilation of\u00a0Le P\u00e8re Duchesne <\/i>issues, accessible\u00a0here<\/a>. Below is an English translation of the extended title. Below that, is the bibliographic information in French.<\/p>\n

Father Duchesne H\u00e9bert, or historical and bibliographic record of this newspaper during the years 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793 and 1794; preceded the life of H\u00e9bert, author, and followed by an indication of his other works<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Brunet, Charles.\u00a0Le P\u00e8re Duchesne d\u2019H\u00e9bert, ou Notice historique et bibliographique sur ce journal publi\u00e9 pendant les ann\u00e9es 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793 et 1794<\/i> <\/i>; pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e de la vie d\u2019H\u00e9bert, son auteur, et suivie de l\u2019indication de ses autres ouvrages<\/i>. Paris: Libr. de France, 1859. Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France<\/strong><\/p>\n

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THE PRESS IN REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE:<\/b><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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PRINT SOURCES<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n

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English: "You should hope that this game will be over soon." The Third Estate carrying the Clergy and the Nobility on its back Fran\u00e7ais : "A faut esperer q'eu.s jeu la finira bentot" Le Tiers-\u00c9tat portant le Clerg\u00e9 et la Noblesse sur son dos. (1789)<\/p><\/div>\n

The Revolutionary press acted in many ways as the new political culture\u2019s messenger to the public. The ubiquitous and persuasive powers of the press helped translate the complex Revolutionary happenings to the public. Furthermore, by reporting on and thereby publicizing otherwise isolated Assembly speeches, the press was essential to the Revolution\u2019s emphasis on representative politics. During the Revolutionary era, the newspaper served as unofficial public representation, lending transparency and awareness to government proceedings. Some resources also provide a look at the press immediately following the Revolution, with Napoleon\u2019s empire and the reinstitution of censorship.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>TEXTS<\/b><\/p>\n

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Darnton, Robert, and Daniel Roche, eds.\u00a0Revolution in Print: The Press in France, 1775\u20131800<\/i> . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989.<\/b><\/p>\n

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Hesse, Carla. Publishing and Cultural Politics in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1810. Berkeley:\u00a0 University of California Press,\u00a0 1991<\/b><\/p>\n

Hesse’s work focuses a bit more on the publishing side of the French Revolution as opposed to a more journalistic press focus. However, this is very informative on the industry as a whole and its connections with the Revolution before and after.<\/p>\n

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Hunt, Lynn.\u00a0Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution<\/i> . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984.<\/b><\/p>\n

Hunt is another great authority on the press in the French Revolution, as is Popkin, below. Both have contributed to and published their own studies on the cultural-political and journalistic aspects of French Revolutionary\u00a0historiography. (Naturally, both have collaborated with Robert Darnton as well.)<\/p>\n

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Popkin, Jeremy D.\u00a0Revolutionary News: The Press in France, 1789-1799<\/i>. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1990.<\/b><\/p>\n

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Popkin, Jeremy D.\u00a0The Right-Wing Press in France, 1792-1800<\/i>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1980.<\/b><\/p>\n

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Kates, Gary.\u00a0The Cercle Social, the Girondins, and the French Revolution<\/i> . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.<\/b><\/p>\n

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Kennedy, Emmet.\u00a0A Cultural History of the French Revolution<\/i> . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.<\/b><\/p>\n

JOURNALS\/EXCERPTS<\/b><\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n

Coffin, Victor. “Censorship Under Napoleon I.”\u00a0American Historical Review<\/i> 22 (1916\u20131917): 228\u2013308.<\/b>
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Jacques-Louis David's cartoon depicting Marie Antoinette en route to the guillotine.<\/p><\/div>\n

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Cook, Malcolm. “Politics in the Fiction of the French Revolution, 1789\u20131794.”Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century<\/i> [Oxford], no. 201 (1982): 237\u2013340.<\/b><\/p>\n

“Texts, Printings, Readings.” In\u00a0The New Cultural History,<\/i> edited by Lynn Hunt, 154\u2013175. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989.<\/b><\/p>\n

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Kulstein, David I. “The Ideas of Charles Joseph Panckoucke, Publisher of the\u00a0Moniteur Universel,<\/i> on the French Revolution.”\u00a0French Historical Studies<\/i> 4, no. 3 (Spring 1966): 307\u2013309.<\/b><\/p>\n

Panckoucke (the subject of Kulstein’s book) was considered the French “Press Baron”–along the lines of William Randolph Hearst had he been the publisher of a French Revolutionary paper. While Le Moniteur Universel<\/em> took charge in translating the National Convention’s endless verbiage to the public, it later became a propaganda machine for Napoleon and others.<\/p>\n

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LEGACY OF THE PRESS IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

The following sources offer a variety of perspectives on the lasting effects of the French press in shaping the Revolution\u2019s historiography.<\/p>\n

TEXTS:<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Darnton, Robert. The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History<\/i> . New York: Basic Books, 1984.<\/b><\/p>\n

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This cartoon, "Corsican Crocodile dissolving the Council of Frogs," depicts Napoleon's coup d'\u00e9tat of the French government in 1799. Censorship eventually returned in his empirical rule.<\/p><\/div>\n

<\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b> <\/b><\/p>\n

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Eisenstein, Elizabeth.\u00a0The Printing Press as an Agent of Change<\/i> . 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.<\/b><\/p>\n

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George, Albert J.\u00a0The Didot Family and the Progress of Printing<\/i> . Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1961.<\/b><\/p>\n

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JOURNALS\/EXCERPTS<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Foucault, Michel. “What Is an Author?” In\u00a0Textual Strategies: Perspectives in Poststructuralist Criticism, <\/i>edited by Josu\u00e9 V. Harari, 141\u2013160. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979.<\/b><\/p>\n

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“Printing and the People.” In\u00a0Society and Culture in Early Modern France,<\/i> 189\u2013226. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975.<\/b> <\/b><\/p>\n


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 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by Haley Witsell     INTRODUCTION Prior to the last several decades, French Revolutionary historiography rarely focused on journalism as a key player in the Revolution’s initiation or development. Instead, historians typically relied on the French Revolution’s publications as research tools: primary source materials providing chronological and sociological assistance. Reasons for the recent proliferation in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3884,"featured_media":0,"parent":2203,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3771"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3884"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3771"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3771\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4124,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3771\/revisions\/4124"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2203"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3771"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}