Archive for July, 2011

Human Subjects Revised

Tuesday, July 26th, 2011

The Department of Health and Human Services have released proposed changes to the review of human subjects research. The changes, summarized by the New York Times yesterday, would tighten some controls and loosen others.

On the side of more regulation, it would bring more studies, even those conducted with private funds, under the purview of an Institutional Review Board if the institution accepts any federal money. On the looser side, it would create a category of “excused” research allowing social and behavioral studies to avoid review.

Though the amendments seem thoughtful, they may not address some of the complaints that researchers have with their own IRBs like lack of transparency. It will be helpful if this proposal sparks discussion among university IRBs about how best to communicate their goals to researchers.

Facebook for scholars

Friday, July 22nd, 2011

At the Group on Faculty Affairs conference next month, one of my fellow panelists will be describing her office's experiment with Facebook. It seems just as higher education has become comfortable with one social media outlet, another pops up. After Facebook came Twitter. Then it's LinkedIn and Google Plus and Tumblr.

The proliferation of networking sites can overwhelm you. Once you've built up a following on one site, you're loathe to switch to another platform and start from scratch.

One site that I am experimenting with is Academia.edu. This social networking site will look familiar to Facebook users, but instead of celebrating birthdays and parties, the profile highlights intellectual work. A scholar can upload publications and research interests. He or she can join interest groups and follow the work of colleagues. It also tells you when another user has read your materials, creating possible collaborations.

There's not as much activity on Academia.edu as there is on Facebook. New publications don't come out as frequently as status updates. At least there's no chance of being caught in an embarrassing photo on Academia.edu, and it does offer a chance to promote your work.

Female Leadership

Wednesday, July 20th, 2011

According to a 2008 study by the American Council on Education, just 35% of academic deans at U.S. universities and only 23% of presidents were female. On some campuses, however, female leaders are the norm. At UC Berkeley 7 of 20 deans are women, and the University of Richmond boasts women in 4 out of 5 deanships.

Whether female academic deans bring different leadership styles to their positions is unclear. But their prominence does provide role models to younger women faculty and contributes to the supply of qualified women for top leadership roles.

Peer Reviewed Posters

Tuesday, July 19th, 2011

In an earlier post, I mentioned the growth of online peer review. One of those sites, Faculty of 1000, provides post-publication peer review. Content experts evaluate published papers and score them based on how importance.

The site has now expanded to include reviews of posters at academic conferences. PostersYou have to register to read the evaluations, but any user can scan the submissions. And it's another avenue for faculty to demonstrate the reach of their research.

Traditional peer review seems fairly entrenched for journal submissions, but when it comes to posters and conference papers, the web provides a universal platform for disseminating ideas.

Research Funding

Friday, July 15th, 2011

The National Science Foundation has calculated research and development expenditures for science and engineering fields at U.S. universities in FY 2009. The institutions surveyed spend close to $55 billion that year on research.

As in most years, the university spending the most on science and engineering research is The Johns Hopkins University with $1.8 billion. Over 80% of those funds came from the federal government. Boston University ranks #72 on the list with a research budget of $280 million. Over 91% of the funds come from the federal government.

Looking just at expenses for life science research, UC San Francisco tops the list with $930 million spent on research and development. Boston University ranks 75th at $174 million.

Beyond the R01

Thursday, July 14th, 2011

In 2007, two economists were interested in how much an R01 grant from the NIH influences subsequent publication. Presumably, researchers who receive funding would generate more data and produce more academic papers. Quantifying the impact of government funds provides an important argument for continued public investment in science.

The authors analyzed all applications for R01 support (both successful and unsuccessful) between 1980 and 2000. The sample included over 18,000 individual researchers. Surprisingly, the data showed that scientists who received NIH grants produced one additional paper over the subsequent five years compared to those who did not receive the grant. Nor do the citation rates of grantees differ significantly from their unfunded counterparts.

The findings do not necessarily devalue the importance of  NIH-funded research. Biomedical benefits go beyond the publishing of papers. The authors hypothesize that researchers who fail to receive NIH funds usually locate other sources of support or shift their area of interest to a more fundable topic. Resilience is key.

Social Networking

Wednesday, July 13th, 2011

Ed Bennett runs a website to track how hospitals in the United States use social media. He and his team have identified 3,952 social networking sites coordinated by 1,188 hospitals. The breakdown is revealing:

Media

While I had expected a large presence on Facebook and Twitter, the prominence of Foursquare surprised me. This service allows users with mobile devices to "check in" at a particular location.

The analysis of social networking can go even deeper. While Bennett calculates the presence of a Facebook page, for instance, UbiCare explores how much the target audience engages with the site. To achieve a high engagement score, a hospital typically adds over 7 posts a week.

While hospitals tend to target their communications at an external audience, faculty developers can learn from their techniques to reach internal stakeholders.

Scientific Reputation

Friday, July 8th, 2011

Amidst more instances of retracted scientific papers, it's helpful to reinforce positive academic behaviors. The editors of PLoS Computational Biology have come up with their top ten list for maintaining a strong reputation. It includes:

  1. Think before you act
  2. Do not ignore criticism
  3. Do not ignore people
  4. Diligently check everything you publish
  5. Always declare conflicts of interest
  6. Do your share for the community
  7. Do not commit to tasks you cannot complete
  8. Do not write poor reviews of grants or papers
  9. Do not write references for people who do not deserve it
  10. Do not plagiarize or doctor your data

Some of these maxims are common sense. They all stress the importance of intentionality. It's easy to see how falsifying data may ruin your reputation, but in a subtler way so can falsifying praise in a letter of recommendation. Every interaction with colleagues leaves an impression. Make sure it's the one you want to convey.

The Crucial Comma

Wednesday, July 6th, 2011

Folklorist Alan Dundes pointed out the broad appeal of the number three in American culture. In sports, in humor, and even in the Internet (think WWW), we tend to think in threes.

The same goes for the manuscripts and grant proposals I review.  I often see sentences that include lists of three. No matter the topic, the tripartite serial fulfills some language euphony. When writing lists, I favor placing a comma before the "and." This punctuation is known as the Oxford comma after Oxford University Press, whose style guide recommends it.

Like so many other rules of grammar, the Oxford comma seems to be disappearing. The trend in writing is to pare down punctuation. Some have even suggested that "I" will no longer be capitalized in a future where text message is the primary form of communication.

When I see lists in manuscripts, I don't impose the Oxford comma, but I do check for consistency in style. In my own writing, I favor the comma before the "and." As the book Eats Shoots and Leaves makes clear by its title reference to a joke about a panda, the Oxford comma makes meaning more clear.